• Aus
• Bethanien
• Gobabis
• Karibib
• Keetmanshoop
• Khorixas
• Luderitz
• Maltahöhe
• Mariental
• Okahandia
• Okakarara
• Omaruru
• Oshakati
• Ondangwa
• Otjiwarongo
• Outjio
• Rundu
• Swakopmund
• Tsumeb
• Walvis Bay
• Windhoek

L Lafrenz - Lux

(7890 total words in this text)
(608 Reads)  

000993
Lafrenz, Edmund Georg Ludwig
* 13.08.1925 at Kiel, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1952
---
Edmund Georg Ludwig Lafrenz was born on 13.08.1925 at Kiel in Germany. He was educated at Rendsburg and Eckernförde in Germany. He was a civil engineer by profession. He served in the German Army during World War Two. He came to Namibia in 1952. He was a director of various civil engineering, especially in the roads sector, companies.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS ENG
Profession: Civil Engineer Businessman

Married to: Lieselotte Lafrenz, née Müller, married 1957-
Father: E. Lafrenz
RAW DATA: WWSA 1974;

000226
Lambert, Amraal, Kai|khauan Captain (Khauas Nama)
[#Gai-|nub - Nama name]
[Lamberts, Amraal - alternative spelling]
* ca.1774 in the Clanwilliam District, South Africa
+ 13.02.1864 at Gobabis
First entry to Namibia: 1814
---
Amraal Lambert (1814-1864), the Kai|khauan Captain (Khauas-Nama), was born ca.1774 in the Clanwilliam District in South Africa. He was a cousin of Jonker Afrikaner. His Nama name was #Gai-|nub. He was the first in the recorded genealogy of the Kai|khauan captains. He came to Namaland from the Cape  Colony in 1814 together with London Missionary Johann Heinrich Schmelen, who baptised him at Bethany in 1815, and stayed with Schmelen for ca. 14 years. He led the Orlam group which became known as Kai|khauan (later also called "Khauas Nama"). In about 1840, he moved to Naosanabis (today Leonardville) with his followers. In 1841 he concluded a peace treaty with the Kai||khaun leader, ||Oaseb. However, Amraal abandoned the settlement of  Naosanabis in 1855 and moved to Gobabis. In January 1858 he was one of the signatories to the Peace Accord of Hoachanas. At the end of the 1850s he was one of the allies of Jonker Afrikaner of the Orlam Afrikaners. During a smallpox epidemic in 1864 he and most of his family died (Amraal Lambert  died on 13.02.1864 at Gobabis). He was followed by Andreas Lambert !Nanib (1864-1894).
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: POL
Functions: Captain - Kai|khauan 1814-1864

RAW DATA: P. Reiner 1992:423; Lau 1989:306; DSAB III:21-22; Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000573
Lambert, Andreas, Kai|khauan Captain (Khauas Nama)
[Lamberts, Andries - alternative spelling]
[!Nanib - Nama name]
* ca. 1844
+ 08.03.1894 at Naosanabis (present-day Leonardville)
---
As a young man of 20, Andreas Lambert became the leader of the Kai|khauan, a then powerful polity also referred to as the Gobabis people, Lambert's people, or Khauas Nama, when Captain Amraal Lambert (#Gai-|nub)(1814-1864) and almost his entire family died of smallpox in 1864. He was the second in the recorded genealogy of the Kai|khauan captains. The Kai|khauan, occupying a strategic kind of "border post" on the main trade route to Ngamiland, had a reputation for fierceness and, occasionally, recklessness. Hendrik Witbooi's arms supply arrangements were partly based on Lambert's support, at least from 1889. Lambert never signed a "protection treaty" with the Germans. He was executed by Theodor Leutwein two months after the latter's arrival, on 08.03.1894 at Naosanabis (present-day Leonardville), and replaced by his brother Eduard Lambert (1894-1896). Claims of legality were maintained by a so-called "trial" listing Lambert's "crimes". It is clear from the records that Leutwein used the opportunity to execute an example by pouncing upon a small and militarily weaker community.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: POL
Functions: Kaptein - Kai¦khaun - 1864-1894

RAW DATA: Lau 1995:241; Bley 1971:10-11; Esterhuyse 1968:203-4; Drechsler 1966:86-87, 94; Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000575
Lambert, Eduard, Kai|khauan Captain (Khauas Nama)
*
+ 06.04.1896 at Gobabis
---
Eduard Lambert was the brother and successor of Kai|khauan Captain Andreas Lambert (!Nanib). When on 08.03.1894 German troops under the command of Theodor Leutwein executed Andreas Lambert, they installed Eduard Lambert as new captain. He was the third and last in the recorded genealogy of the Kai|khauan captains. He allied himself with Nikodemus Kavikunua and the Ovambanderu community under Kahimemua Nguvauva in their uprising against the Germans, and fell in the battle at Gobabis on 06.04.1896 (on the German side Lieutenant Lampe fell). His death signalled the end of the Kai|khauan as a polity. The survivors were captured, deported into a concentration camp in Windhoek, and expropriated. Karl Dove wrote in the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung: "It can only be hoped, that the Imperial Governor is not hesitating ... to bring all Khauas ... to the gallows".
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: POL
Functions: Captain - Kai|khauan - 1894-1896

RAW DATA: Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000574
Lambert, Jakob
*
---
At least two persons of this name were traced: one was at one stage closely attached to the congregation at Bethany, while the other was one of Andreas Lambert's men, a 'veldkornet' at Gobabis in 1880. The Lambert mentioned in Witbooi's journal (diary entry 15.10.1888-10.08.1889) seems to have been the latter.
---
Gender: m

Namibia National Archives Database

001633
Lang, Ferdinand
* 24.05.1862 at Nümbrecht/Köln, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1891
---
Ferdinand Lang was born on 24.05.1862 at Nümbrecht/Köln in Germany. He was a missionary of the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft, sent to Namibia in 1891. He was stationed at Otjihaenena, later at Tsumeb where he operated the mission press.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: REL
Profession: Missionary Printer

Married to: Maria Lang, née Müller, married 1893-

Namibia National Archives Database

001634
Lange, Ms.
*
---
Ms. Lange was a farmer's wife from Klein-Barmen. She was alleged to have been killed in the German-Ovaherero War 1904 by Ovaherero soldiers, an atrocity story which was later found untrue.
---
Gender: f

Married to: Charlotte Krenz, née Nickel, married 1928-
Mother: Mary Francis Krenz, née Talbot-Bowe
Father: Friedrich Krenz
RAW DATA: Drechsler 1966:170;

002038
Langenhorn
*
---
Trader's assistant working for Andersson in 1861.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: Tabler 1973:66;

000994
Langlet, Joachim-Friedrich, Prof.
*
+ 02.09.1979 in Germany
---
Joachim-Friedrich Langlet served as a managing director of SWA Karakul Breeders Association from 1937 to 1940. Later he became professor of animal breeding at the Kiel University in Germany and was active in the Deutsch-Südafrikanische Gesellschaft. He died on 02.09.1979 in Germany.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: Afrika-Post 1/1980;

002039
Larsen, Hans
* in Denmark
First entry to Namibia: 1843
Last departure from Namibia: 1852
---
Hans Larsen was a hunter, trader and farmer. He was a Danish sailor who left his ship at Walvis Bay in 1843 and entered the service of the firm Dixon and Morris. Afterwards he became a freelance hunter, trader and cattle farmer. He acted as transport manager for Galton. He went with Allen and Andersson overland to Cape Town with their livestock in 1852, and from there in 1853 left for Australia.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS

RAW DATA: Tabler 1973:66-67;

000995
Lategan, W.J.
* 25.06.1901 at Vredendal, South Africa
---
W.J. Lategan was born on 25.06.1901 at Vredendal in South Africa. He was educated in Vanrhijnsdorp in the Cape Colony. He had his military service during World War Two. He was a Member of the Executive Committees of the V.N.S.W. Party and of the SWA Landbou Unie.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: AGR POL
Profession: Farmer Politician

Married to: Aletta Johanna Lategan, née Mostert, married 1928-
RAW DATA: WWSA 1959;

002040
Latham, Ms.
*
First entry to Namibia: 12.1843
---
Ms. Latham was the eldest daughter of trader Dixon, she came with him to Namibia across the Oranje River in 1843. She married his employee William Latham around 1846.
---
Gender: f

Married to: William Latham
Father: Peter Dixon
RAW DATA: Tabler 1973:67;

000227
Latham, William
*
First entry to Namibia: 1845
---
William Latham was a trader, farmer and fisherman who came to Namibia from Britain around 1845. He worked for the trader Peter Dixon at Sandfontein, and married his eldest daughter. Aaron de Pass had commenced fishing operations at Walvis Bay in 1852, while Barry Munnik from Cape Town had established himself in this industry in early 1859. William Latham was fishing there in the 1860s. The fish was generally dried and then exported to Mauritius. Owing to the inadequate infrastructure, there was too much sand in the dried fish. As a result the prices received for the final fish product were so low that the venture did not prove economically feasible. Small-scale fishing operations and whaling did, however, continue. Aaron de Pass was married to Esther da Costa. Later, Latham was employed by Charles John Andersson. During the 1860s, he participated in military and political actions against the Orlam Afrikaners, and suffered considerable losses as a result.
---
Gender: m

Married to: ? Latham, née Dixon, married 1846?-

Namibia National Archives Database

000379
Latvio, Ilenikelao Nhinda
* 01.04.1960 at Engela
+ 28.06.2000 at London, UK
---
Ilenikelao Nhinda Latvio was born on 01.04.1960 at Engela. In the early 1990s, he was a controversial figure on the Namibian political scene after launching a short-lived party dedicated to women's issues called Namibia Women Action for Equality Party (Nawafep). She died on 28.06.2000 while studying in London in the United Kingdom.
---
Gender: f
Field of activity: POL

Namibia National Archives Database

001062
Lau, Brigitte
* in Germany
+ 02.11.1996 near Wilhelmstal
---
---
Gender: f
Field of activity: HIS
Profession: Historian

Mother: Leonore Lau
Father: Hans Lau (-1996)

000996
Laubscher, Gideon Johannes Christiaan
* 26.08.1924 in the Clanwilliam District, South Africa
---
Gideon Johannes Christiaan Laubscher was born on 26.08.1924 in the Clanwilliam District in South Africa. He was educated at the Clanwilliam High School and Stellenbosch University. He was a Chartered Accountant. He came to Namibia on 01.04.1954. He was the Secretary to the Boere Finansierings Korporasie, Damara Meat Packers, Apex Slaghuise and Ossa Bonemeal Factory.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS
Profession: Businessman

Father: Jacobus Martin Laubscher
RAW DATA: WWSA 1959;

000997
Laubscher, Heleon Hendrikus
* 29.12.1929 at Vredenburg, South Africa
---
Heleon Hendrikus Laubscher was born on 29.12.1929 at Vredenburg in South Africa. He was educated at the Vredenburg High School and the University of Cape Town (M.B., Ch.B.). He came to Namibia in 1954. He was a part-time Military Officer at the Walvis Bay Military Base from 1961 onwards. He was a part-time Medical Superintendent at the Walvis Bay State Hospital from 1965 to 1972. He was a Councillor in the Walvis Bay Municipality from 1967- and Mayor of Walvis Bay from 1970 to 1974.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: MED POL
Profession: Medical doctor
Functions: Mayor - Walvis Bay - 1970-1974
Councillor - Walvis Bay

Married to: Lourina Laubscher, née Neethling, married 1953-
Father: Jacob Laubscher
RAW DATA: WWSA 1974;

001635
Lauenstein, Dieter, Dr.
*
---
Dieter Lauenstein was a wealthy conservative German philosopher. He bought the German daily "Allgemeine Zeitung" in 1978 with financial backing from the German CSU Party (Hanns-Seidel Foundation) and ousted its editor Kurt Dahlmann in order to bring the newspaper on a more conservative, pro-South African, pro-Apartheid and anti-Independence course.
---
Gender: m

Namibia National Archives Database

001636
Laurmaa, Erkki
[Lehto, Erkki]
* in Finland
---
Finnish missionary.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: REL
Profession: Missionary

Namibia National Archives Database

002041
Lawton, Thomas
*
First entry to Namibia: 1845
Last departure from Namibia: 1846
---
Thomas Lawton was a Cape Town-based merchant who backed the trading ventures of Dixon and Morris in Namibia between 1843 and 1850. He went to Namibia himself in 1845-46.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: Tabler 1973:67-68;

001002
Le Roex, Henry Denyssen, Dr.
* 06.11.1916 at Labasa, Fiji
First entry to Namibia: 1967
---
Henry Denyssen Le Roex was born on 06.11.1916 at Labasa on the Fiji Island. He was educated at the Grey College Bloemfontein, the UNISA and the University of Pretoria in South Africa. He was a geologist. He came to Namibia in 1967.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: SCI
Profession: Geologist

Married to: Aline Dennis Le Roex, née Miller, married 1949-
Father: F.W.J. Le Roex
RAW DATA: WWSA 1974;

000576
Lebe, Klaas
*
---
Klaas Lebe was a "Provisi onder-kaptein" of Hendrik Witbooi at Gibeon. The title indicates that he had quartermaster functions at Gibeon similar to Keister's position at Hoornkrans.
---
Gender: m

Namibia National Archives Database

000998
Lee, Richard Borshay, Prof. Dr.
*
---
Richard Borshay Lee was a professor of anthropology at the University of Toronto in Canada. He researched among the !Kung San of Botswana and published extensively. He was a co-founder of the Kalahari Peoples Fund (KPF) and of Anthropologists for Radical Political Action (ARPA). He was active in the Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa (TCLSAC).
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: SCI

Namibia National Archives Database

002042
Leen, Carl L.
*
---
Carl L. Leen was a trader, probably a Swede, who had a store near Rautanen's mission in Ondonga together with Carlsson in 1880.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: Tabler 1973:68;

001638
Lefebvre, Rolf
* 07.06.1887 in India
---
Rolf Lefebvre was born on 07.06.1887 in India. He was educated at the Victoria College in Jersey in the United Kingdom. He came to South Africa in 1903. Later he served as a civil servant in Windhoek.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: ADM

Married to: Caroline Lefebvre, née Herford, married 1915-
Father: P. Horton Lefebvre
RAW DATA: WWSA 1929/30;

001639
Lehmann, F. Rudolf, Prof.
* in Germany
---
Served 1946-1949 as government ethnologist in Windhoek.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: SCI
Profession: Ethnologist

Namibia National Archives Database

001640
Leipoldt, Wilhelm
* 24.09.1794 at Elberfeld, Germany
+ 05.02.1842 at Elberfeld, Germany
---
Wilhelm Leipoldt was born on 24.09.1794 at Elberfeld in Germany. He was a founding member and director of the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft, 1828-1842. He died on 05.02.1842 at Elberfeld.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: REL

Namibia National Archives Database

001642
Lemke, Bruno
[Ngovo - other name]
*
---
---
Gender: m

Namibia National Archives Database

000876
Lemmer, Cecil Joseph Cloete, Dr.
* .1900 at Bloemfontein, South Africa
+ 29.12.1955 at Johannesburg, South Africa
---
Cecil Joseph Cloete Lemmer was born in 1900 at Bloemfontein in South Africa. He was educated at the Grey University College in South Africa. He was a teacher and later an Inspector of Schools. He was the editor of Educa from 1933-. He was a founding member of the SWA Scientific Society, served as its secretary and as President from 1937 until 1939. He was a founder and first chairman of the SWA Monuments Commission  from 1949-. He retired in 1955 and died in the same year [?]. He was a collector of books and manuscripts on Namibian history, and his material - among it autographs of Namibian leaders such as Hendrik Witbooi - was purchased from the family for the National Archives of Namibia where it is preserved as "Lemmer Collection".
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: EDU
Profession: Teacher
Functions: Chairman - Monuments Commission - 1949-
President - SWA Scientific Society - 1937-1939

Collections/Papers:
1). NAN: A.23 (Newspaper cuttings, manuscripts, minutes and correspondence of the Historical Monuments Commission 1951-1952, Minutes of SWA Place Names Committee 1954)
RAW DATA: Mitt.NWG 43,4-6;

000999
Lennox, George St. Leger Gordon
[Smith, Scotty - alias]
*
---
George St. Leger Gordon Lennox was a trader in South Africa and British Bechuanaland. He was allegedly involved in gunrunning for Hendrik Witbooi and Jakob Marengo during the German Namibian War between 1903 and 1908.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: DSAB I,470; Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa ed.6, p.584; F.C. Metrovich: Scotty Smith;

001000
Lenssen-Erz, Tilman, Dr.
* .1955 in Germany
---
Tilman Lenssen-Erz was born in 1955 in Germany. He is an Africanist and pre-historian. Since 1986 he is the compiler of the monograph series "The rock paintings of the Upper Brandberg" at the Heinrich-Barth-Institut of the University of Cologne in Germany. He undertook numerous research visits to Namibia.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: SCI
Profession: Archaeologist

Married to: Marie-Theres Erz

Namibia National Archives Database

001001
Lenz, Friedrich
* 09.11.1846 at Pflugrade, Pomerania, Germany (Now: Poland)
---
Friedrich Lenz was born on 09.11.1846 at Pflugrade, Pomerania in Germany (Now: Poland). As a managing director of the firm Lenz and Company and chairman of the board of the Deutsche Kolonial Eisenbahn Bau und Betriebs-Gesellschaft (D.K.E.B.B.G.), he directed the construction of the Lüderitzbucht-Aus, Aus-Keetmanshoop, Seeheim-Kalkfontein Süd and Keetmanshoop-Narib (where the North-South railway line from Keetmanshoop met the northern section which was built from Windhoek to Narib by the Bau- und Betriebskonsortium Bachstein and Koppel between 1910 and 1912) railways in Namibia from 1906 to 1911.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: Dt. Koloniallexikon;

000275
Leutwein, Theodor Gotthilf
* 09.05.1849 at Strümpfelbronn, Germany
+ 13.04.1921 at Freiburg, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1894
Last departure from Namibia: 1905
---
Theodor Gotthilf Leutwein was born on 09.05.1849 at Strümpfelbronn in Germany. He was a pastor's son. In February 1868 he joined the Prussian Army, where he was promoted to Second Lieutenant (15.10.1869), Lieutenant (12.04.1877), Captain (15.01.1884), Major (27.01.1893), Lieutenant-Colonel (22.05.1899), Colonel (16.06.1901), and Major-General (22.04.1905). During this period he served in various regiments but also attended the Military Academy in Berlin, and tutored at a military college in Freiburg. In November 1893 Leutwein was seconded to the German Foreign Office and sent to German South West Africa, officially to "report" but, unofficially, to take over from Kurt von François. On 31.12.1893/01.01.1894 he arrived in the Protectorate. He was <FONT size=2>nominated as Landeshauptmann of the colony (By Imperial Order he was appointed as "Governor" on 18.04.1898). After Von Francois left the territory in August 1894, he also became the commander of the Schutztruppe. His task was to ensure "colonialism without bloodshed". Leutwein established a decentralised administration and opened three regional offices in Windhoek (Friedrich von Lindequist, also responsible for Otjimbingwe), Otjimbingwe and Keetmanshoop (Gustav Duft and later Golinelli). In January 1894 he reported that the Ovaherero had an estimated 500 000 cattle. He expressed the hope that once the population pressure would become acute, the Ovaherero would be forced to sell their huge herds to the "white" settlers. However, this was for many years not the case and instead of this, for the first time the effects of overgrazing became apparent as the Ovaherero herds were forced into an ever-increasing small area. In February 1894 he met Samuel Maharero in Okahandja for the first time. On 24.02.1894 Leutwein and Von Francois attacked the Khauas Nama at Aais (confluence of White Nossob and Black Nossob Rivers) and Naosanabis (present-day Leonardville) on the Nossob River and forced them into subjugation. On 19.03.1894 the <FONT size=2>Khauas Nama Chief Andreas Lambert (!Nanib) was executed after a court-martial trial on order of Leutwein. The reason was that he - like Hendrik Witbooi - refused to sign a protection treaty with the Germans. Eduard Lambert succeeded him and was forced to sign a protection treaty with the Germans on 20.03. Leutwein's first main achievement was a military campaign against Hendrik Witbooi. On 27.08.1894 he <FONT size=2>attacked the Witbooi Nama under Hendrik Witbooi in the Naukluft Mountains. After the Naukluft Battle both armies were exhausted. The Germans suffered many casualties (27% losses). Leutwein noted that strategically little had been won. The Witbooi force was inside the mountain and the Germans were outside when Witbooi offered a conditional surrender which Leutwein immediately accepted. A protection treaty was signed 13 days later. The Witboois were allowed to possess arms and have a certain degree of autonomy. The treaty was respected for 10 years in which Witbooi recognised German suzerainty. On 26.11.1894 <FONT size=2>Leutwein persuaded Samuel Maharero and Zacharias Zeraua of Otjimbingwe to meet Manasse Tyiseseta at Omaruru to seek agreement between the Ovaherero leaders. Leutwein’s demonstration of power led to the downfall of Manasse’s independent position and to the establishment of a German military garrison at Omaruru. Four days later, the Dama leader Cornelius ||Goreseb was installed by Leutwein as the first paramount chief of the Dama (Berg Damara) in Okombahe in order to weaken the Ovaherero position of Manasse of Omaruru. The Ovaherero leader at Okombahe, Daniel Kariko, was deposed from his position as chief. Later differences between Kariko and Manasse Tyiseseta were exploited by Leutwein and led to the complete downfall of Kariko in 1896. On 06.12.1894 Leutwein concluded a treaty with Samuel Maharero for the establishment of the southern border of Hereroland, which subsequently had serious consequences for the Ovaherero and marked the start of their loss of land and cattle. On 22.12.1894 Samuel Maharero requested Leutwein to shift the southern border. A serious clash of interests between the Ovaherero and Germans was inevitable. It was only a question of time. In January 1895 Leutwein led a "punitive expedition" in alliance with Hendrik Witbooi against the Khauas and Fransman Nama and later the Bondelswarts in the south, which led to the defeat of all these groups. The expedition against the Khauas Nama was provoked by a German patrol (under the command of the Aais station commander, Bohr) which had killed three unarmed Khauas Nama at Aais (13.09.1894). On 15.06.1895 Leutwein concluded a treaty with Ovambanderu Chief Nikodemus Kavikunua which enforced harsh border control between Ovambanderu and German settler areas. Kavikunua sought a closer relationship with Samuel Maharero, thus breaking with his college, Kahimemua Nguvauva. Nikodemus’ claim to Gobabis was, however, rejected. Instead of this the Germans established a garrison at Gobabis and a military post at Olifantskloof, ostensibly to control the trade to and from the Bechuanaland Protectorate. On 27.08.1895 Leutwein concluded a treaty with Samuel Maharero at Grootfontein for the establishment of the northern border of Hereroland. During April 1896 a confrontation relating to the treatment of Namibian indigenes ensued between Leutwein and the Rhenish Missionary Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Viehe. Leutwein expressed that "if a Negro has done wrong, forceful action is of more use than too much mildness." On 08.04.1896 Leutwein issued a proclamation at Kowas where, in agreement with Samuel Maharero, he dismissed Kavikunua and Kahimemua from their positions as Ovambanderu chiefs. In the ensuing war between Germans and Ovambanderu, the Ovambanderu were defeated in the battle of Otjunda (Sturmfeld). Kahimemua surrendered to the Germans. Kavikunua, however, did not participate in the battles of Gobabis and Otjunda. Kahimemua sent many Ovambanderu to Ngamiland (present-day Botswana) under the leadership of his son, Hiatuvao Nguvauva, father of the later Ovambanderu Chief Munjuku Nguvauva II. This was the first wave of Ovaherero to flee to present-day Botswana. Some Ovaherero escaped into the north-east of the territory. They settled in the area of Karakuwisa. The Khauas Nama who were the allies of the Ovambanderu, ceased to exist as a political entity. All surviving Khauas Nama were taken to Windhoek where they are placed in a concentration camp and are used as forced labour by the German authorities. Karl Dove wrote in the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung: "It is to be hoped that the Imperial Governor will not be prevented by the sentimental humanitarianism of certain quarters from sending all the Khauas falling into his hands to the gallows ... ". On 12.06.1896 Nikodemus Kavikunua and Kahimemua Nguvauva from the Ovambanderu were executed after a court-martial trial in Okahandja. In April 1897 a rinderpest epidemic which had already entered the territory by late 1896 reached Windhoek. The disease wiped out Ovaherero cattle (approx. 50%). Locusts and drought forced Ovaherero to sell their land and cattle and work for German farmers. A cultural crisis of pastoralists losing their very foundations ensued. Deprived of their wealth in cattle, weakened by the activities of Samuel Maharero and Theodor Leutwein, and driven ever further into debt, some Ovaherero chiefs attempted to recoup their losses through raiding (especially in the Ovambanderu areas), exporting labour and selling land. Amongst the German settlers, the most important impact of the rinderpest was that they gained access to land which had hitherto been inaccessible to them. The German punitive measures against those who were accused of having "revolted" in 1896, together with the rinderpest, depleted the cattle herds along the White Nossob and Seeis rivers to such an extent that large parts of Hereroland were left open and ungrazed. Consequent high prices for beef encouraged German farmers to go into stock farming. A further consequence of the rinderpest epidemic was the near collapse of the freight transport between the coast and the inland. The authorities therefore agreed to build a railway line between Swakopmund and Windhoek. With assistance of the colonial director Oswald von Richthofen and the commander of the Military Railway Brigade in Berlin, Nonus von Rössing, the beginning of the construction of the railway project was initiated for the same year. Not only economic but also political arguments initiated the development of railways in SWA. Already in 1896 Leutwein wrote to the German Chancellor: "not the unlimited increase of the Schutztruppe but the construction of railway lines" should be used to strengthen the German power base in the colonies. In November 1899 a quarrel broke out between Samuel Maharero and Michael, son of Manasse Tyiseseta of Omaruru. Leutwein intervened and explained that Samuel had no direct authority over Michael’s people. It became now clear that the German authorities only supported Samuel against his fellow Ovaherero leaders as long as it suited German interests. In February 1901 the Rhenish Mission Inspector Schreiber asked for the establishment of "native reserves" in Hereroland. Leutwein, however, was not in favour of this. In February 1902, Leutwein still not in a hurry to establish "native reserves" in Hereroland, gave orders to investigate the possibilities for reserves in the Windhoek, Omaruru, Karibib and Gobabis districts. On 03.10.1903 Leutwein issued a proclamation (as ordered by the German Reichskanzler dated 23.07.1903) that enacted the long-awaited credit regulations. The traders immediately started collecting their outstanding debts – relentlessly and with feverish haste. A dispute about judicial power and the right to possess weapons arose between the Bondelswart Nama and the Germans. Bondelswarts Chief Jan Abraham Christian and German District Chief Lieutenant Walter Jobst were killed during a violent clash in Warmbad on 25.10.1903. The Bondelswarts rose under the leadership of Johannes Christian, who succeeded his elder brother Abraham Christian, and Leutwein later reported that Jobst was mistaken in his judgement to use violence against Abraham Christian. In the ensuing war against the Bondelswarts, the Germans were supported by Hendrik Witbooi. Leutwein issued a decree, placing a reward of 500 marks for the capture of every Bondelswart involved in the shoot-out, and a reward of 2 000 marks for "whoever brings in the head of the new captain." The Bondelswart Uprising of 1903 marked the beginning of the devastating German Namibian War from 1903 to 1908, and in isolated cases until 1913, with the tragic consequences for the Namibian nation.

During his ten years of effective colonial leadership, Leutwein established the administrative and economic infrastructure of the new settler colony. His policies against the African population, called the "Leutwein System" and characterised by a mixture of diplomacy, divide-and-rule and military coercion, were heavily criticised by settlers in his own time as being too lenient against "the natives". In 1904, the Ovaherero and Nama wars marked both the collapse of Leutwein's government policies, as well as the end of his career.

During the middle of 1903 <FONT size=2>Leutwein personally intervened in the Bondelswarts Uprising and travelled to Keetmanshoop. On 12.12.1903 Leutwein mobilised troop reinforcements from Omaruru in order to wage a two-front war against the Bondelswarts – a northern front under the command of Captain Joachim von Heydebreck at Groendorn (also Wasserfall), west of the Great Karas Mountains, and a southern front at the Oranje River under the command of Captain von Fiedler. These plans did not materialise due to the outbreak of the Great Resistance War of the Ovaherero in January 1904. On 27.01.1904, in the Peace of Kalkfontein, Leutwein made peace with the Bondelswarts in order to avoid a war on two fronts. Von Fiedler had to supervise the conditions of the peace accord. Von Heydebreck did the same in the Great Karas Mountains. The Bondelswarts had to hand over all their arms. From the Great Karas Mountains Von Heydebreck moved north in order to join the war against the Ovaherero. On the way back he disarmed the Kai<FONT face="WP BoxDrawing" size=2>5<FONT size=2>khaun under Manasse !Noreseb from Hoachanas who showed interest in joining the Ovaherero in their resistance war. The German colonial forces established a strong military station at Hoachanas. After the outbreak of the Nama-German War in October 1904 the Kai<FONT face="WP BoxDrawing" size=2>5<FONT size=2>khaun joined Hendrik Witbooi. After the defeat, the traditional ethnic structures were disbanded and all communal land confiscated as punishment for the "rebellion". Hoachanas ceased to exist as an important Nama community centre. On 11.02.1904 Leutwein arrived in Swakopmund from Port Nolloth with the steamer "Ernst Woermann". He commented that "If I were now to go to Okahandja I would allow Samuel to come to me, and you would see, the revolt would be ended". However, he divided the German troops into four sections: a western section under Von Estorff tasked to advance via Omaruru, a main section under Leutwein tasked to attack Samuel Maharero who was probably at Otjosonjati (Königs-Albertshöhe) in the upper Swakop valley, Major von Glasenapp’s eastern section tasked to attack Tjetjo and Lieutenant Gygas’ section tasked to attack the Otjimbingwe Ovaherero. During the middle of February, seeking to negotiate, Leutwein sent a letter to Samuel Maharero to ascertain his whereabouts. The German Government reprimanded Leutwein for this attempt to negotiate. When the letter reached the Ovaherero they were assembled in the area of Otjosazu, Ongandjira and Otjosonjati. Rhenish Missionary Kuhlmann managed to meet Samuel at Otjosonjati where Samuel gave the impression that he would like to end the war. On 23.02.1904 Leutwein warned against a policy of exterminating the Ovaherero. On 13.04.1904 the battle of Oviumbo was fought and the Germans were nearly defeated. Leutwein decided to withdraw to Otjosazu and await troop reinforcements from Germany. In Germany he was subsequently heavily criticised for his decisions. However, on 19.04.1904, Leutwein urged the German press to stop reporting that after the termination of the war all tribal structures – of the Nama communities too – would be destroyed, the chiefdoms abolished and all communities disarmed. This propaganda created considerable unrest among all SWA indigenes, and was one of the causes of the Nama resistance war fought from August 1904 onwards. He wrote the following: "I do not concur with those fanatics who want to see the Herero destroyed altogether. Apart from the fact that a people of 60 000 or 70 000 is not easy to annihilate, I would consider such a move a grave mistake from an economic point of view. We need the Herero as cattle breeders, though on a small scale, and especially as labourers. It will be quite sufficient if they are politically dead." At the end of May 1904 Leutwein, shortly before the arrival of General Lothar von Trotha, made one last attempt for a negotiated settlement. He issued the following proclamation, printed in Otjiherero, to the Ovaherero: "You well know that after you have risen against your protector, the German Kaiser, nothing else awaits you but a fight to the death. Until then I cannot stop the war. However, you can stop the war, by coming over to me, handing in your guns and ammunition and receiving your expected punishment. ... ". Subsequently Von Trotha turned down Leutwein’s negotiation efforts and henceforth a negotiated peace was out of the question. Leutwein was consequently dismissed as commander of the Schutztruppe in June 1904, and as Governor towards the end of 1904, and replaced by General von Trotha. He left German South West Africa in December 1904, spurned by the majority of the settlers and disfavoured by the German Emperor Wilhelm II. In August 1905 he retired and lived in southern Germany until his death. He was a supporter of the "Nationalliberale Partei". In 1906, he published his autobiographical "Elf Jahre als Gouverneur in Deutsch-Südwestafrika", a major historical source on that period. He died on 13.04.1921 at Freiburg.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: MIL ADM POL
Profession: Military officer
Functions: Landeshauptmann - Deutsch-Südwestafrika - 1895-
Gouverneur - Deutsch-Südwestafrika - -1905

Children: Paul Leutwein (1882-1956)

Collections/Papers:
1). Lost in private custody in Silesia during World War II (according to Mommsen 1,II); destroyed in family custody around 1970 (according to Sudholt 1975)(main part of private papers)
2). Bundesarchiv Koblenz: NL 145 (Remainder of personal papers as part of Nachlass Paul Leutwein)
3). Bundesarchiv Lichterfelde: RKA Schutzgebietsakten DSWA (Personnel files)
RAW DATA: Gann: Rulers; Mommsen 1,II; Sudholt 1975; Drechsler 1966:passim; Hubatsch; Fischer 1935:65, 69, 71, 88, 95, 124, 257; Hintrager 1955; Kosch. Bd.II:761; Dt.Biogr.Jb. 1927:183-187; Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

001003
Leutwein, Paul, Dr.
* .1882 at Berlin, Germany
+ .1956
First entry to Namibia: 1903
Last departure from Namibia: 1904
---
Paul Leutwein was born in 1882 in Berlin in Germany. He was the son of Governor Theodor Leutwein. He joined the Baden Army in Germany in 1901. 1903, while on a visit to Namibia, he volunteered at the outbreak of the 1904 War and fought as lieutenant in the Schutztruppe for German SWA. He returned to Germany by the end of 1904. He retired in 1908 and studied law (doctorate 1911). During 1918/19 he served in the counterrevolutionary "Freikorps Lützow" in Berlin. He was a prolific colonial writer, active in the Deutschnationale Volkspartei and in the German colonial movement. He founded and served as President of the "Kolonialer Volksbund" from 1931 to 1936. He died in 1956.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: MIL WRI
Profession: Military officer Writer

Married to: <1>? Leutwein
<2>Gertrud Leutwein
Father: Theodor Leutwein (1849-1921)
Collections/Papers:
1). Lost in private custody in Silesia during World War II (Personal papers including diaries from his time in Namibia, extensive correspondence)
2). Bundesarchiv Koblenz (Personal papers, including manuscripts; files and correspondence; photographs; fragments from his father's papers)
RAW DATA: Mommsen 1, II; AHK 1975:86-89;

001643
Levaillant, François
[Le Vaillant, François - alternative spelling]
* .1753
+ .1824
First entry to Namibia: 1783
Last departure from Namibia: 1783
---
François Levaillant was born in 1753. He was one of the earliest European travellers to Namibia and the northern Cape, from 1781 to 1784. Although his presence in Namibia has been questioned, as some of his accounts and maps look rather fictitious, there can be little doubt that he actually crossed the Oranje River into Namibia. His superbly illustrated books are one of the earliest published sources on the northern Cape and southern Namibia, and remarkable for their appreciation of the African people and lack of racial prejudice. He died in 1824.
---
Gender: m

Namibia National Archives Database

001004
Levinson, Jack Louis
*
---
Jack Louis Levinson was a businessman with extensive interests in mining and finance. He was a Director of SWA Lithium Mines and others. He was the husband of writer and arts patron Olga Levinson.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS
Profession: Businessman
Functions: Mayor - Windhoek - 1963-1965
Councillor - Windhoek City Council - 1955-

Married to: Olga May Levinson, née Cohen, married 1943-
Children: Orde Levinson
RAW DATA: WWSA 1959,1974;

000071
Levinson, Olga
[Cohen, Olga - birth name]
* in South Africa
+ in South Africa
---
Olga Levinson was born in Transvaal in South Africa. She studied English and Arts at the Wits University in Johannesburg (BA). She was a Fellow and Licentiate of Dramatic Arts, Trinity College (London). She moved to Windhoek in ??, where she lived in the Heynitzburg Castle. As a wealthy patron of the arts, she was the "grande dame" of Windhoek's high society from the 1950ies to the 1970ies. She was the author of numerous popular books on history and art. From 1957 to 1976 she was the President of the Arts Association of SWA. She initiated the building of the Theatre and Arts Gallery in Windhoek. From 1963 to 1965 she was the Mayoress of Windhoek. She was the founder of the "Cercle Francais", founder member of SWAPAC and its chairperson for opera and ballet, board member of the SWABC, founder member and board member of the !Kung San Foundation. She was a freelance worker for the SABC ("Woman's World" series), produced and directed a film about the painter "Adolph Jentzsch" as well as a script for the film "Diamonds in the desert". She was married to Jack Levinson. She moved back to South Africa and died in ..., 19??.
---
Gender: f
Field of activity: WRI ART
Functions: President - Arts Association of SWA - 1957-1976
Mayor - Windhoek - 1963-1965

Married to: Jack Louis Levinson, married 1943-
Father: Edward Cohen
Children: Orde Levinson

RAW DATA: WWSA 1974;

002102
Lewanika, Lozi (Barotse) King
*
+ .1909
---
Lozi King Lewanika from the Barotse Kingdom in current-day Zambia (1864-1909) deposed Kololo King Mbololo in 1864. Lewanika expelled the Kololo people from the Caprivi Strip. Mbololo shifted his capital from Linyanti to Sesheke-Mwandi (not to be confused with Sesheke opposite Katima Mulilo in present-day Zambia). Lewanika appointed the Fwe (Mafwe) Chief Simata Kabende (1864-1914) to administer the western areas of to-day's Caprivi Strip. Simata got the honourary Lozi title Mamili. Mamili Simata Kabende ruled the Caprivi Strip with inclusion of the Mafwe, Mayuni, Mayeyi, Totela and Mbukushu communities under Lozi (also called Luyi people in the Luyana Kingdom) control, with the capital Linyanti. Since Lewanika's time the Lozi language is spoken in many parts of the Caprivi Strip, northern Botswana and western Zambia. In 1885 a conflict between King Lewanika and Tswana King Moremi II (1876-1890) was caused about the control over the Mbukushu community in the eastern Kavango. These conflicts were further expanded to the Gciriku and Shambyu communities in the Kavango under Moremi's successor, Tswana King Sekgoma Lethsolathebe. King Lewanika died in 1909.

---
Gender: m
Field of activity: POL

RAW DATA: Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000498
Lewis, Robert
* 06.1841 at London, England
+ .1894 at Rietfontein
First entry to Namibia: 1858
---
Robert Lewis was born in June 1841 at London in the United Kingdom. He came to Namibia in 1858 to hunt and trade. He worked with James Todd and De Pass, Spence Co. By 1868 he was managing the Ebony Mine. In the 1870s and 1880s he traded in Otjimbingwe and became famous as advisor and arms supplier to Maharero, who also gave him several mining concessions. His anti-German feelings and intrigues in the 1880s made him a much-discussed man in missionary and official German documents. After Germany has declared South West Africa its protectorate, he agitated for the annexation of Hereroland by the Cape Colony. He was deported by the German authorities in 1889. Coming from Bechuanaland on an arms trade mission, he was killed in November or December 1894 at Rietfontein by a leopard he had wounded. He was married to Mary Findon from Cape Town in approximately 1875. They had five children.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS

Married to: Mary Lewis, née Findon, married 1975-

RAW DATA: P.Reiner 1992:424; Lau 1985:V1274; Lau 1989:307; Tabler 1973:68; Otto-Reiner 1991; Esterhuyse 1968:10, 12; Drechsler 1966:52-53, 55-56, 58, 62, 310, 333;

000383
Lichtenecker, Hans
* 26.01.1891
+ 25.01.1988 at Gotha, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1909
---
Hans Lichtenecker was born in Germany on 26.01.1891. He came to Namibia in 1909 as a farm apprentice, and bought a farm at the Naukluft in 1914, but was repatriated to Germany in 1919. In 1931, he returned temporarily to Namibia to make plaster casts of the faces and body parts of live persons, in particular San and Nama. This served the purposes of physical anthropology and was done for the controversial anthropologist, Prof. Dr. Eugen Fischer. Lichtenecker died on 25.01.1988 in Gotha in Germany. His anthropological collection was purchased in 1980 by the State Museum (now National Museum) in Windhoek. Other copies of his casts are held by the Namibia Scientific Society.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: ART
Profession: Artist

RAW DATA: The inventory and correspondence regarding the museum acquisition should be consulted!;

001005
Lichtman, Joseph Alexander, Dr.
* 15.01.1918 at Cape Town, South Africa
---
Joseph Alexander Lichtman was born on 15.01.1918 at Cape Town in South Africa. He was educated at Colesburg and Cape Town. He was a medical doctor and district surgeon at Outjo.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: MED
Profession: Medical doctor
Functions: District surgeon - Outjo

Married to: Stella Juliet Lichtman, née Shapiro, married 1946-
Father: Marks Lichtman
RAW DATA: WWSA 1959, 1974;

000757
Lidchi, Diane
[Kahan, Diane - birth name]
* .1931 at Aus
+ 25.07.2002 at Windhoek
---
---
Gender: f
Field of activity: BUS

Married to: Maurice Lidchi
Mother: Clara Kahan
Father: Mose Kahan
RAW DATA: Obituary in The Namibian, 01.08.2002;

000845
Liebenberg, John
* at Johannesburg, South Africa
First entry to Namibia: 1979
---
John Liebenberg came to Namibia in 1979 in the employment of the postal service. He became press photographer for "The Namibian". During the second half of the 1980s, his powerful visual images became the most damning indictments against South African colonialism, social conditions in Namibia, and the war in Angola. His photos made him known and acclaimed world-wide, and their international impact can only be compared to that of John Muafangejo. In the 1990s, he returned to Johannesburg, where he lives as a free-lance photographer.
---
Gender: m
Profession: Photographer

Namibia National Archives Database

002106
Lifasi, Simata, Fwe (Mafwe) King
[Mamili, traditional title]
* at Makalani
+ .1931
---
After the death of Fwe (Mafwe) King Simata Kabende in 1914, he was succeeded by Mamili Lifasi Simata (1914-1931) who originated from Makalani. He was the second in the recorded genealogy of the Mafwe kings. Lifasi was followed by Mamili Simata Lifasi (1931-1944), also originating from Makalani.

---
Gender: m
Field of activity: POL

RAW DATA: Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000752
Likando, Ernest Simasiku
* 28.02.1952
+ 14.08.2002
---
Ernest Simasiku Likando was born on 28.02.1952. He was a politician and local historian for the Caprivi Region. He was in exile from ???-1989. He worked for the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation and was SWAPO Co-ordinator for Katima Mulilo in 2000. He died on 14.08.2002.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: POL

Namibia National Archives Database

00072
Lilienthal, Adelheid
* at Windhoek
---
Adelheid Lilienthal was born in Windhoek. She received her schooling in Swakopmund (Matric 1960). She studied painting, graphics and art history at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste at Stuttgart in Germany from 1960 until 1965, and qualified as "Gebrauchsgrafikerin" (1966) and art teacher (1969). She returned to Namibia in 1970. She served as an art teacher at the Deutsche Höhere Privatschule (DHPS) in Windhoek from 1976 to 1980. She is known for her paintings, book illustrations, stage decorations and graphic art as well as for her cartoons for the "Namibia Nachrichten" from 1984 until 1992. Since 1982 she is a board member of the Arts Association. She married Konrad Lilienthal in 1970.
---
Gender: f
Field of activity: ART
Profession: Artist

Married to: Konrad Lilienthal, married 1970

RAW DATA: Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000073
Lilienthal, Konrad
* 28.09.1934 at Schröttersburg, Germany (today Poland)
+ 05.08.2001 at Windhoek
First entry to Namibia: 1970
---
Konrad Lilienthal was born in Schröttersburg (Germany, today Poland) on 28.09.1934. He received his schooling in Nienburg (Weser) and vocational training as carpenter. He studied engineering, law and economics at the Stuttgart Technical University (Dipl.-Ing.). He came to Namibia in 1970 to work as town engineer in Swakopmund. He moved to Windhoek in 1976. He was an engineer in private business and farmer. He was a founding member and Chairman of the Interessengemeinschaft Deutschsprachiger Südwester (IG). He published the liberal weekly newspaper Namibia Nachrichten from 1984 until 1992. He married Adelheid Lilienthal in 1970. He died on 05.08.2001 at Windhoek.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: ENG POL
Profession: Civil engineer
Functions: Chairman - Interessengemeinschaft Deutschsprachiger Südwester

Married to: Adelheid Lilienthal, married 1970

RAW DATA: Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

001646
Lind, Wilhelm
* 30.07.1883 at Wattenscheid, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1913
---
Wilhelm Lind was born on 30.07.1883 at Wattenscheid in Germany. He was a missionary of the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft. He came to Namibia 1913 and was based at Rietfontein.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: REL
Profession: Missionary

Married to: Bertha Lind, née Winkel, married 1914-

Namibia National Archives Database

000387
Lindequist, Friedrich von, Dr.
* 15.09.1862 at Wostevitz, Germany
+ 25.06.1945 at Macherslust near Eberswalde, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1894
Last departure from Namibia: 1907
---
Friedrich von Lindequist was born on 15.09.1862 at Wostevitz in Germany. He studied law. Since 1886 he served in the German government service. He came to Namibia as a judge in 1894. He was the German Consul General in Cape Town from 1900 until 1903. He served as Governor of German SWA from 1905 to 1907, then returned to Germany. He was an Unterstaatssekretär (Under Secretary of State) of the Reichskolonialamt from 1907 until 1910. In this position he undertook a study trip to German East Africa (1908) about settlement opportunities. He became Staatssekretär (succeeding Dernburg) in the same office from 1910 to 1911. He resigned on 03.11.1911 because of disagreement with the German-French agreement on Morocco. During his period as a governor, he was instrumental in introducing karakul breeding to Namibia. He was active in the German colonial movement and various chauvinist organisations. After World War One, he became the Vice-President of the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft, President of the Deutscher Seeverein and the Chairman of the Deutscher Schutzbund. He died on 25.06.1945 at Macherslust near Eberswalde.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: LAW ADM
Profession: Lawyer
Functions: Generalkonsul - Cape Town - 1900-1903
Gouverneur - German South West Africa - 1905-1907
Unterstaatssekretär - Reichskolonialamt - 1907-1910
Staatssekretär - Reichskolonialamt - 1910-1911
Präsident - Deutscher Seeverein
Vizepräsident - Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft
Vorsitzender - Deutscher Schutzbund

Collections/Papers:
1). War loss in private custody, 1945 (Main part of papers)
2). Bundesarchiv Koblenz: Kleine Erwerbungen (Manuscripts: Als Generalkonsul in Kapstadt 1900-1903; Südwestafrikanische Erlebnisse 1895-1906)
3). Bundesarchiv Lichterfelde: RKA Schutzgebietsakten DSWA (Personnel files)
4). HWWA: Personenarchiv
RAW DATA: Mommsen 1,I; Gann: Rulers; Dt. Koloniallexikon; Nuhn 1988; Hubatsch; Hintrager 1955; Leutwein 1906; Jacob 1938; Drechsler 1966;

001006
Lindholm, Oscar
*
First entry to Namibia: 1854
---
Oscar Lindholm was a servant, trader and trader's assistant. He was a Swede who perhaps first came to South Africa with Wahlberg late in 1853, for he was with Wahlberg, Green and Bonfield on their journey to Ngamiland during 1854-56 that ended with Wahlberg's death. Lindholm married one of Stewardson's daughters at Cape Town in July or August 1863, and in 1864 he was managing Andersson's store in Otjimbingwe. Lindholm was living at Omaruru as a trader in 1874 and 1876. In August 1877 he was at Stromboom's station at Lake Ngami. Lindholm departed back for Hereroland on 08.11.1877, but later that month he was stopped at Ghanzi by a bad case of malaria. His son Friedrich later became a transport driver at Omaruru.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS
Profession: Trader

Married to: ? Lindholm, née Stewardson, married 1863-
Children: Friedrich Lindholm
RAW DATA: Otto-Reiner 1991; Bourquin 1969; Tabler 1973; W.B.Lord T. Baines, Shifts and expedients of camp life, travel and exploration (London 1876): 133; Chapman 1971; Chapman Accession (NAN); Wallis 1936: 336; McKiernan 1954: 134, 146, 147;

002043
Lingram, James
*
+ .1878 at Walvis Bay
---
James Lingram was a man of Swedish and English parentage who died at Walvis Bay in 1878.
---
Gender: m

RAW DATA: Tabler 1973:71;

000577
Links, David
*
---
David Links was a bearer of various offices under Hendrik Witbooi. He was married to Kaatje and had three children with her.
---
Gender: m

Married to: Kaatje Links

Namibia National Archives Database

001647
Links, Jacob
* in South Africa
+ .1825 at Dabegabis near Warmbad
---
Jacob Links was the assistant of missionary Threlfall of the London Missionary Society. He was murdered with him at Dabegabis near Warmbad in 1825.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: REL

Namibia National Archives Database

001649
Links, Johannes
*
---
Johannes Links was a Nama schoolmaster in Warmbad in 1903. He joined Jakob Marengo in 1905 during the German Namibian War 1903 to 1908.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: EDU

RAW DATA: JBRMG 1903:15, 1905:21;

001650
Links, Johannes
*
---
Teacher of the AMEC in Gibeon 1953.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: EDU

RAW DATA: Schlosser 1958:117;

001651
Links, Paul
*
---
According to Esterhuyse (1968), Paul Links was a Captain of the ||Hawoben (Veldskoendragers) in 1884. However, the Captain of the Veldskoendragers at the time was Karl Hendrik Ses (!Nanib #karib #Arisemab)(1865-1887). Lau (1995:242) mentioned a Paul Links as a "well-known leader based at the Oranje River in mid-19th century", possibly of a subgroup of Veldschoendragers (?).
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: TRA

RAW DATA: Esterhuyse 1968:72, 79; Chronology of Namibian History, 2003 (Dierks);

000578
Links, Thomas
*
---
Thomas Links was a highly-placed official under Hendrik Witbooi, possibly related to Paul Links, a well-known leader with a following of about 500-600 people based at the Oranje River in the mid-1800s. Thomas was married to Katharina and had three children.
---
Gender: m

Married to: Katharina Links

Namibia National Archives Database

001007
Linning, Kurt Heinrich Theodor
* 15.02.1905 at Kiel, Germany
First entry to Namibia: 1954
---
Kurt Heinrich Theodor Linning was born on 15.02.1905 at Kiel in Germany. He was educated at Kiel. He was a banker in Germany, London (United Kingdom) and South Africa before coming to Namibia in 1954.
---
Gender: m
Field of activity: BUS
Profession: Banker
Functions: Vice-President - Windhoek Show Society - (1959)

Married to: Erna Linning, née Pawlowski
RAW DATA: WWSA 1959;

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